10th Class Pak Studies Chapter 3 Notes

Definition

Economic: unequal division of assets — only 34 of the subcontinent's industrial units and 14 of 69 bank branches came to Pakistan; unfair division of military assets; and river-water disputes with India over canal headworks.

Geographic: the Radcliffe Award's unjust demarcation gave Muslim-majority Gurdaspur to India (opening a land route to Kashmir) and left West and East Pakistan 1,600 km apart.

Accession disputes: India forcibly annexed Junagadh and Hyderabad despite their rulers wanting to join Pakistan, while Kashmir's Hindu ruler acceded to India against the Muslim majority's wishes, sparking the 1948 war.

Constitutional/administrative: Pakistan relied initially on the Government of India Act 1935; it lacked a capital, trained staff and equipment, and had to build its bureaucracy from scratch while resettling millions of migrants.

Definition

As first Governor-General, Quaid-e-Azam guided refugee rehabilitation, personally visited riot-affected West Punjab, and took prompt decisions on military-asset division, launching Radio Pakistan, and building the armed forces.

Liaquat Ali Khan, Pakistan's first Prime Minister, was assassinated on 16 October 1951 at Company Bagh, Rawalpindi (renamed Liaquat Bagh); he was posthumously honoured with the title "Quaid-e-Millat".

The Objectives Resolution, passed 12 March 1949, laid the foundation for Pakistan's constitutions: Sovereignty belongs to Allah alone, with state authority a sacred trust; Islamic values of democracy, freedom, equality and social justice; Muslims to live per Islamic teachings; minorities free to practise their faith; a federal, parliamentary system; independent judiciary; and Urdu as the national language. It was made a substantive part of the 1973 Constitution by later amendment.

Definition

The 1956 Constitution lasted barely 2 years and 7 months: on 7 October 1958, President Iskander Mirza imposed martial law citing instability, abrogating it; General Ayub Khan, made Chief Martial Law Administrator, soon removed Mirza and became President himself.

"One Unit": under the 1956 Constitution, Punjab, Sindh, NWFP and Balochistan were merged into a single "West Pakistan" unit to match East Pakistan's population for equal representation; it was abolished under the 1970 Legal Framework Order, restoring the four provinces.

The 1962 Constitution named the country the "Republic of Pakistan" ("Islamic" added later by amendment), affirmed that sovereignty over the universe belongs to Allah with state power as a trust, and provided for a council to align laws with Islamic injunctions.

The Legal Framework Order (1970), issued by General Yahya Khan (who took over in March 1969) on 30 March 1970, abolished One Unit, granted adult franchise, distributed the 313 National Assembly seats by population, and required a new constitution within 120 days of the Assembly's first session or automatic dissolution.

Definition

1948 War: triggered when Kashmir's Hindu ruler, Raja Hari Singh, acceded to India after a Muslim uprising; Pakistani forces and Kashmiri fighters entered in support.

1965 War: fought for 17 days in September; though outnumbered, the Pakistan Air Force fought with distinction — Squadron Leader M.M. Alam famously shot down five enemy aircraft in under a minute.

Separation of East Pakistan (1971): caused by the 1,600 km geographic divide, Hindu dominance in East Pakistan's pre-partition trade/education fuelling anti-Pakistan sentiment, refusal to give Bengali equal status with Urdu, unequal representation despite East Pakistan's larger population, and Indian support for secessionists. Sheikh Mujeeb-ur-Rehman's Awami League popularised the Six Points (near-complete provincial autonomy) and won a clear majority in the 1970 elections; delayed power transfer led to civil unrest, Indian intervention, and Pakistan's surrender in Dhaka on 16 December 1971, creating Bangladesh.

Definition

Bhutto became President/Civilian Chief Martial Law Administrator on 20 December 1971, later Prime Minister. Policies: nationalisation of major industries, banks and schools ("roti, kapra aur makan"); land ceiling reforms redistributing surplus land; new universities (Quaid-e-Azam University, Allama Iqbal Open University); free treatment for the poor; the 1974 Islamic Summit in Lahore; and the Second Constitutional Amendment (1974) affirming the finality of Prophethood.

The 1973 Constitution, drafted by a 25-member all-party committee, was unanimously passed and enforced on 14 August 1973. Features: Pakistan declared an Islamic Republic (no law may contradict the Quran and Sunnah); federal system with four provinces; powers split via Federal/Provincial/Concurrent lists; bicameral parliament — National Assembly (4-year term) and Senate (6-year term, equal provincial representation); independent judiciary (Supreme Court, High Courts, Federal Shariat Court); parliamentary system with President as head of state and Prime Minister as head of government; President and PM must be Muslim; fundamental rights guaranteed.

Bhutto's era ended when General Zia-ul-Haq imposed martial law in July 1977; Bhutto was executed in 1979.

Definition

Reversed some nationalisation to attract investment; made Islamiyat and Pakistan Studies compulsory up to graduation and built women's universities; expanded rural health units and Lady Health Workers; introduced state-level Zakat/Ushr and interest-free banking (1980); Islamisation measures included Shariat courts, Hudood Ordinances, and a media code of conduct. After the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Pakistan supported the Afghan Mujahideen and hosted millions of Afghan refugees, gaining prominence in the Muslim world and closer US ties — though his rule also restricted political and civil freedoms.

Definition

Benazir Bhutto, the first woman head of government of an Islamic country, served two terms (1988–90, 1993–96), introducing industrial reforms, Lady Health Workers, and the People's Works Programme; both her governments were dismissed early on corruption/maladministration charges.

General Pervez Musharraf ruled 1999–2008 after a bloodless coup; introduced the Local Government System (14 August 2001, devolving resources to district/tehsil/union levels), joined the US-led coalition after 9/11, and held 2002 elections — but later imposed emergency rule and suspended the judiciary (2007), drawing strong criticism for undermining constitutional norms despite economic/administrative gains.

Definition

Across three terms (1990–93, 1997–99, 2013–17): de-nationalisation and subsidised farm inputs (1st term); market liberalisation, the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway (M-2, inaugurated 1998), the 13th/14th Amendments, and the 1999 Lahore Declaration with India (2nd term); CPEC (with Chinese investment in energy/transport), the Health Card scheme, counter-terrorism operations, and NEST for research (3rd term).

Youm-e-Takbeer: observed every 28 May, marking Pakistan's successful nuclear tests at the Chagai hills, Balochistan, on 28 May 1998 in response to India's tests — making Pakistan the first Islamic nuclear power.

Definition

Mian Shahbaz Sharif's first term (April 2022 – August 2023) introduced reforms in agriculture, industry, health, education and energy, including interest-free Kisan Cards for farmers amid economic difficulties.

Operation Bunyan-al-Marsoos (2025): after India blamed Pakistan without evidence for an April 2025 incident near Pahalgam and suspended the Indus Waters Treaty, expelled diplomats and closed the border, India launched missile/drone attacks on 10 May 2025; Pakistan's armed forces responded with Operation Bunyan-al-Marsoos ("a wall of lead"), successfully striking major Indian military targets.

Gilgit-Baltistan's Legislative Assembly has 33 seats: 24 general (directly elected), 6 reserved for women, and 3 for technocrats.